Two millennia apart. Same conclusion.

“The only certainty is that nothing is certain.”

— Pliny the Elder · 77 AD
… 1,926 years …

“Uncertainty is the only certainty there is.”

— John Allen Paulos · 2003

If certainty hasn’t arrived in 1,926 years,
it isn’t coming.

For marketing executives who’d rather ask better questions about risk and uncertainty than pretend them away — research-grounded thinking for marketing plans, budgets, and decisions.


Coming soon. Uncertain exactly when.

A site about risk and uncertainty could hardly promise a launch date. What’s coming: research translations, open questions, and studies you can join. Leave your email and you’ll know the moment “soon” becomes certain.

No spam, no selling. One email when the site is live.

Luciano Lapa, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of Marketing, Smeal College of Business, Penn State University

luciano@lucianolapa.com